Functional Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation

This book provides a comprehensive overview of functional electrical stimulation (FES), starting with the fundamental principles that underpin its clinical application. It covers essential topics such as the role of electrical stimulation parameters, indications and contraindications, and the principles of motor learning. In addition, key concepts including neuromodulation and neuroplasticity are explored, alongside ICF-based goal setting and the current evidence in the field of neurorehabilitation. Building on this foundation, the book presents a wide range of practical applications of FES in neurological patients. These include its use in upper motor neuron lesions, lower motor neuron lesions, and mixed clinical presentations. Special attention is given to pediatric applications, the implementation of FES in home-based rehabilitation settings, and its role in improving gait and overall mobility. Furthermore, the book highlights the potential of combining FES with other therapeutic approaches to enhance outcomes. These combination therapies include mirror therapy, the use of botulinum neurotoxin, hybrid technologies, thermoplastic splints, FES cycling, and biofeedback techniques. Applications in the head and neck region are also addressed, with specific focus on conditions such as facial palsy, dysphagia, dysarthria, and vocal fold paralysis. Finally, the book explores special indications and emerging approaches in FES, including its use in neuro-urological disorders. It also introduces innovative concepts such as task-paired auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS), and sensory afferent stimulation (SAS) for neuromodulation